Vulnerabilidade socioambiental na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Doce/RN: as doenças diarreicas agudas como fator de análise

Abstract

Cities develop more and more rapidly and unequally. At the same pace, more and more areas are needed to allocate, for example, infrastructure and agriculture. This unequal development directly affects people who are exposed to situations of vulnerability, be they related to lack of infrastructure, access to health, policies, information, decent housing and income. Without proper living conditions, legal or illegal occupation of peripheral areas to urban centers, which traditionally do not have adequacy for this type of occupation, is usually located near water courses. The proximity to the hidrous body, the problem of basic sanitation, the number of people dividing the same household and the non-literacy are factors influencing the involvement of these populations due to acute diarrheal diseases. This work aims to carry out a literature review of the works related to this area of knowledge as well as to characterize the socioenvironmental vulnerability, through the construction of socioenvironmental indicators on a disaggregated scale (census tracts), of the populations living in the municipalities of the area of the river basin of Rio Doce / RN - Brazil and its relationship with acute diarrheal diseases, presenting these results in Geographic Information Systems. The results of the literature review show that, in terms of methodological choices, these are descriptive research, with a quantitative and qualitaiquantitative approach; in their design, all are case studies with bibliographical and documentary sources; the techniques of data collection begin with documentary, bibliographic research and operationalize variables for the discussions; the questionnaires and interviews represent 30% of the total; data analysis techniques, descriptive statistics, central trend measures, correlation and multivariate analyzes, represent about 93% of the studies, using one or more techniques. As for the products, the construction of Geographic Information Systems is the most significant result, in 20 of the 27 works. The construction of indices and indicators are verified in 60% of them. Regarding the social and environmental vulnerability in the area of the rio Doce basin, it is estimated that of the 316.206 people, about 190.000 are located in medium-high and high social vulnerability ranges for houses with a high number of inhabitants, per capita income children with no literacy totaling more than 27.000. The elderly, in addition to being responsible for the income of the permanent private household, are, for the most part, not literate. The absence of infrastructure, related to the water supply through general network, garbage collection and the presence of bathroom in the residence is a reality almost in its totality of the rural areas. The lack of paving, public lighting, the presence of open sewage and accumulated waste affects about 66.349 people. Residents in areas without public paving, lighting, sewage and garbage collection services total 7.560 people, dividing 2.023 households. As for acute diarrheal illnesses, there was a deterioration in the indices between 2013 and 2017. The results show the need for effective implementation of public policies for access to education, income, employment and health in the area of the river basin of the Rio Doce / RN - Brazil.