Qualificação e inserção do migrante inter-regional no mercado de trabalho brasileiro

Abstract

The mobility of highly educated individuals receives attention in studies of international migration due to the consequences that it may have on development and/or inequalities between regions/countries. On the one hand, there is a negative effect on the origin resulting from the loss of investment in human capital, which, on the other hand, can be counterbalanced by sending remittances, qualified migratory returns or incentives to invest in education. In the Brazilian case, given the differentials in demand for work, types of jobs created and remuneration between the major regions, it becomes relevant to analyze qualified migration with a focus on insertion in the regional labor market. Thus, the objective of this dissertation is to verify whether the favorable economic context from 2004 onwards resulted in the intensification of skilled migrations associated with better conditions for occupational insertion. For this, qualified inter-regional migration is studied in comparison with unqualified, based on the analysis of the volume and direction of flows (origin and destination), and of the demographic, socioeconomic and occupational characteristics of these migrants in the destination regions, with the brazilian and regional economic, social and political dynamics as a backdrop. For this analysis, the PNAD for the years 2005, 2011 and 2015 (last year with information on migration) is used. The main results show that the Southeast is the region that most qualifies the population with complete higher education in Brazil, however, part of this contingent emigrates to other regions, especially the Midwest, which also receives the largest balance of unqualified migrants. With regard to the sociodemographic profile, the most striking differences are due to the greater participation of the white race/color and childless couples among qualified migrants, while unqualified migrants typify as browns and couples with children. As for occupational insertion, qualified migrants are more formalized, are in a better position in occupation and in activities that enable greater social and economic projection, earning greater income, especially in the Southeast and Midwest. In turn, despite decreasing the dissimilarities between the qualified and the unqualified migrant who have been occupying better positions in the labor market in recent years, regional differences persist and provide greater informality and lower wages for migrants (qualified or unqualified) employed in the labor market. North and Northeast when compared to the other regions. These results show that despite the favorable economic situation experienced by the country in the period from 2003 to 2013, through policies of regional development, policy of valorization of the minimum wage, social policies, expansion and internalization of higher and technical education, increase of the qualified population and creation of formal jobs, regional inequality remains and encourages interregional migration, whether qualified or unqualified.