Produção de biodiesel e biolubrificantes: avaliação de novos catalisadores e antioxidantes naturais

Abstract

This research work was developed seeking the production of clean technologies related to the production of biodiesel and biolubrificantes with prospects in industrial applications. To this end, several materials and bioproducts were obtained, such as silica (MP1), from the beach sand, which allowed the production of a basic heterogeneous catalyst (SKS), successfully used in the synthesis of bioproducts by transesterification reaction of vegetable oils. In addition, antioxidants were obtained from extracts of Syzygium aromaticum, Punica granatum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Petroselinum crispum and Passiflora edulis for the evaluation of the oxidative stability of the synthesized bio-oils. The catalysts, biodiesel, biolubricants and antioxidants produced were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis (TG / DTG), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy (GC / MS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy (EDS), RANCIMAT, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES). Oxygenated bio-oils were evaluated according to the American Oil Chemist's Society (AOCS), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and European Standard (EN). The biolubricants obtained from the reaction of cottonseed oil and alcohols, cyclohexanol (B1) and propylene glycol (B2), presented several physicochemical properties within the norms, such as viscosity, viscosity index, copper corrosivity, pour point, which will allow the use as viable alternatives to commercial, fossil-based lubricating oils, with the differential being renewable and not harming the environment. Obtaining biodiesel from the use of SKS in conditions around 2.5% m / m, 60 ° C and 30 minutes allowed 90.01% yields. The SKS catalyst was reused for five consecutive cycles for biodiesel production, with a reduction of only 5% in reaction yield at the end of the cycle. The bioproducts (biodiesel and biolubricants) obtained obeyed the specifications of the current regulations. The natural antioxidants were tested effectively in the bio-oils, promoting an increase in the oxidation stability of these products, in about 50% evaluated by the Rancimat method, according to Norm EN 14112.