Instituto do Cérebro
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Doctoral Thesis Contribuição das proteínas tirosina cinases e da cálciocalmodulina cinase tipo II em modelos animais de epilepsia(Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2005) Queiroz, Claudio Marcos Teixeira de; Mello, Luiz Eugênio Araújo de Moraes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3384801391828521; Caraisco, Norberto Garcia; Moraes, Márcio Flávio Dutra; Priel, Margareth Rose; Xavier, Gilberto FernandoTemporal lobe epilepsies are highly refractory to pharmacological treatment. Up to 70% of these patients undergo chirurgical resection of temporal region, procedure with important consequences for the social, economic and psychological spheres. Experimental animal models that mimic temporal lobe epilepsy provide an insightful approach to study the neural basis of epilepsy as well as create opportunities to test promising therapeutic drugs. The present thesis tests the antiepileptogenic activity of two protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the relevance of Ca+2/calmodulin kinase type II (CaMKII) mutants. Multiples morphological and physiological alterations take place after a traumatic brain injury (in this thesis, the status epilepticus) leading the animal to an epileptic conditions. During this period, the epileptogenesis process, there is strong tyrsine phosphorylation with the activation of many second messengers. The first two chapters of the thesis describe experiments in which herbimycin A and K-252a, two protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, were used to attenuate synaptic plasticity and epileptogenesis. The third chapter, the dentate gyrus network was studied after angular bundle stimulation in animals presenting one punctual mutation at the autoinhibitory phosphorylation site of the CaMKII. In the first chapter, we showed that one single herbimycin A injection (348μM, 5μL, icv) was able to attenuate long-term potentiation (LTP) in the commissural CA3 neurons and also, to decrease status epilepticus- (SE-) induced neuronal activation (c-Fos expression) in almost 40%. Although markedly acute effects, the present herbimycin A treatment was not able to diminish spontaneous seizure frequency, cell death or aberrant mossy fiber sprouting observed after the pilocarpine-induced SE. Curiously, herbimycin-treated animals presented decreased neo-Timm staining in the hilus and CA3 region despite the epileptic condition. In the second chapter, we confirmed the ability of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors to decrease SE-induced neuronal activation. Herbimycin A icv treatment altered the kainic acid-induced epileptiform profile in EEG recordings. Cell death pattern was not altered by any pharmacological treatment. These results suggest that protein tyrosine kinase inhibitiors are able to modify the acute neuronal activation and plasticity (ictogenesis or LTP) but is ineffective in attenuating the epileptogenesis process. In the third chapter, we studied the dentate gyrus excitability and plasticity after angular bundle stimulation in CaMKII mutant animals. Once in its self-sustained mode, this mutation does not allow the reduction of the catalytic activity of the kinase. These animals present normal electrophysiological profiles (similar to wild-type animals) but with reduced amplitude. Shortterm plasticity was clearly altered. Mutant animals presented increased variability in the responses to trains of stimulation at 1 and 2 Hz, and at at 5Hz stronger paired-pulse inhibition. Accordingly to the literature, we also showed that the epileptiform susceptibility depends on the stimulation pattern used in both animals (mutants vs. wild-type). Thus, although the mutation did not altered the behavior and the electrographic kindling evolution, we showed that mutant animals were prone to afterdischarges when stimulate by an intermittent theta-burst stimulation. On the other hand, the same animals needed more bursts to induce afterdischarges when the stimulation was set in the continuos mode. Taken together, the present results contribute to a better understanding of the protein tyrosine kinase and CaMKII function in neuronal plasticity underlying the epileptogenesis process and sum efforts in searching for a clinic antiepileptogenic drug.Master Thesis Efeitos da buspirona em modelos animais de discinesia tardia(1999) Queiroz, Claudio Marcos Teixeira de; Frussa-Filho , RobertoIn the last two centuries, the knowledgement about the central nervous systems increased enormously, making possible the treatment of patients who suffer of all sort of central nervous systems’ diseases. One of this diseases is Tardive Dyskinesia, a syndrome characterized by repetitive involuntary movements, usually involving mouth, face and tongue and sometimes limb and trunk musculature. The syndrome is considered to be an adverse effect of prolonged administration of antipsychotic drugs (normally named neuroleptics). It persists for moths after neuroleptic has been discontinued and may be irreversible (Karniol, 1979; Casey, 1985; Kane, 1995). In a recent meta-analysis study, Soares (1997) concluded that there is no efficacious therapeutic interventions for tardive dyskinesia. In this thesis, we studied the behavior effects of buspirone administration on animal models of tardive dyskinesia. These models comprised the [1] dopaminergic supersensitivity induced by long-term haloperidol administration, which is quantified by the spontaneous activity (locomotion and rearing frequency) of rats observed in an open-field or [2] by the apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior, and [3] the quantification of orofacial dyskinesia in rats repeatedly treated with reserpine. In the first an second models, buspirone per se (3.0 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily, for 30 days) did not produce dopaminergic supersensitivity. When buspirone was given in combination to haloperidol (2.0 mg/kg, i.p., once daily, for 30 days), it decreased the neuroleptic withdrawal symptoms as detected in open-field but not in apomorphine-induced stereotypy. Although single administration of buspirone per se decreased both open-field and apomorphine-induced stereotypy behavior, buspirone single administration did not modify the acute effects of haloperidol on these two behavioral models. In the third model, rats were co-treated with saline or buspirone (3.0 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily) and vehicle or reserpine (0.1 mg/kg, s.c., once every other day) for 19 days. On the day 20, the animals were observed for the quantification of the behavioral parameters of orofacial dyskinesia: tongue protrusion and vacuous chewing movements frequencies and duration of twitching of the facial musculature. Reserpine-treated rats exhibited a significant increase in the three behavioral parameters of orofacial dyskinesia relative to the saline-treated rats. The co-administration of buspirone in the reserpine-treated rats attenuated the development of orofacial dyskinesia, when compared to the reserpine-treated rats. We also verified that chronic (30 days) buspirone treatment was able to increase apomorphine-induced yawning behavior. The possibility is raised that buspirone attenuates haloperidol-induced increased locomotion and rearing and reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia through the development of dopamine autoreceptor supersensitivity. Taken together with previous clinical reports, the present data suggest that buspirone co-administration may lead to important clinical effects concerning different tardive dyskinesia treatment.