Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia
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Doctoral Thesis Território, reforma agrária e reprodução ampliada do capital no Rio Grande do Norte(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2020-12-18) Lima, Leandro de Castro; Locatel, Celso Donizete; ; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2047387364725653; ; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2657210531886042; Salvador, Diego Salomão Cândido de Oliveira; ; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5656990960651016; Zaar, Mirian Hermi; ; Santos, Núbia Dias dos; ; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5506227828682179; Nonato Júnior, Raimundo; ; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2778825855162912Access to land, linked to changes in the land and to political and productive structure in the countryside, is a prime condition for providing peasant social reproduction. However, the Agrarian Reform Policy that has been implemented in Brazil, and especially in Rio Grande do Norte, since 1985, presents a contradictory process that reflects the characteristics of the capitalist mode of production, reinforcing monopolization in the use of the territory. Our hypothesis is based on the assumption that the State's action directed towards the Agrarian Reform Policy does not take place outside the logic of the movement of capital, boosting, above all, processes of formal expropriation of labor from capital based on the subjection of land rent, in which capital dominates all sectors downstream and upstream of peasant production, as well as through real subordination, with the direct appropriation of the peasant labor force, extracting surplus value when carrying out ancillary work, subjecting them to a logic other than their way of life, in addition to the appropriation of absolute income, in view of the increased demand for land for expropriation purposes. In this sense, this thesis aims to analyze the contradictions derived from the stemming of the National Agrarian Reform Policy in Rio Grande do Norte, emphasizing the implications of the use and monopolization of the territory, and as this policy contributes to the expanded reproduction of capital, the from the process of peasant subordination. From a theoretical point of view, we rely on the concepts and categories anchored in the work of Professor Milton Santos, seeking to operationalize the analysis of geographic space through the concept of norm, territory and his notion of used territory, associated with the perspective of monopolization of the territory undertaken by Amin and Vergopoulus (1977) and Oliveira (1991, 2001, 2007), in addition to the forms of capital reproduction theorized by Martins (1981; 1996; 2000). In methodological terms, we collected and tabulated data from the land collection (2014) for the elaboration of graphs and cartographic products, in order to represent the analyzed settlements and the various themes researched in the field. We also conducted interviews with peasants farms in settled, in order to identify the conditions and circumstances of life, production, work and forms of subordination to capital, in addition to some managers of the INCRA Superintendence of Rio Grande do Norte (SR19), which enabled us to understand the actions of state management in the context of Agrarian Reform, as well as to raise the price of expropriations in the settlement processes. As a result, we found that the right to land, via agrarian reform, even representing an achievement for the peasant class, does not always enable its emancipation and social reproduction, due to the contradictory actions of the State in the implementation of the Agrarian Reform Policy, which have ensured the monopolization of the territory and peasant subordination to capital, in addition to little altering the land structure in Rio Grande do Norte, not breaking with the logic of the binomial Latifúndio / Minifúndio and that of the dynamics and agricultural use of the territory, given the infeasibility of peasant social reproduction of fully and autonomously.Master Thesis Os usos do território e a economia solidária no Rio Grande do Norte(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2015-05-15) Lima, Leandro de Castro; Locatel, Celso Donizete; ; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2047387364725653; ; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2657210531886042; Azevedo, Francisco Fransualdo de; ; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2719998085102847; Nardoque, Sedeval; ; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0817381972188098The solidary economy as the organization of production, alternative to the capitalist economy provides new forms of organization and social behavior, that, in the sight of geography, it is shown by the different territory uses. The territory assume new meanings that, influenced by the Solidary Economy movement, tries to reach for new ways of acting that differ from social order already stablished. However, the different uses show themselves in a more complex and contradictory way, given that, in solidary undertakings, different corporative agents start to act, the State being a last resource on this process. Given this reality, our goal on the present paper is to analyze the different uses of the territory from the rural economic solidary undertakings and the relationship it establishes to the different agents involved on the socio-territorial dynamics on Rio Grande do Norte. Starting from a study that contemplates the territorial organization forms and contents of the analyzed phenomena, the methodology utilized for this research is based on a bibliographic review, with authors from the geography and areas related to the Solidary Economy, besides the use of secondary data, acquired from official offices such as SIES and IBGE, from the documented research, SENAES and field interviews conducted with local solidary undertakings. The results obtained in the study reveal the complexity of the agricultural use of the territory by Solidary Economy on the RN, while a resource of intensified use, from the state actions and important economical agents, and regulating the use while shelter, that marginalize solidary workers, making them subdued to the hegemonic logic. Therefore, we can infer that the solidary economy, despite its image of new form of organization between agricultural workers, given the expressivity of the rural solidary undertakings presented on RN, it hasn’t shown a full social development as an instrument of reproduction and emancipation of the associates. Nevertheless, the undertakings articulated in nets excel, even when considering its punctual and residual form. The given contradictions show that it is necessary to fortify the building of the solidary economy as being horizontal and popular based for it to have strength to surpass the regulative actions of the capitalist state and ownership created by the Capital.