Estudo preparativo e computacional da reação de 2,3 dicloroquinoxalina com o éster metílico da cisteín

Abstract

Traditionally, organic chemistry text books suggest araomatic/heteroaromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) procedding via Meiseinheimer-type intermediate mechanism. Quinoxaline are a class of nitrogen heterocycles with application in many fields. IN this context, several synthetic methodologies based on SNAr reactions involving the substrate 2,3-dichloroquinoline (DCQX) have been reported in literature. In fact, DCQX is adequately for this type of reaction since it has two chlorine atoms as potential leaving group due the activation promoted by electron-deficient nature of the quinoxaline ring. The present work presents a combined experimental and theoretical study involving the reaction of DCQX and cysteine methyl ester (CysMe). The choice for CysMe arrives from its interesting nucleophilic nature and due the reaction products being potentially applied in many areas. On the other hand, a computational study of the mechanisms of this reaction is especially interesting due the small number of reports concerned on SNAr involving heterocycles substrates. The reaction of DCQX and CysMe in DMF, in the presence of potassium carbonate, afforded a major product (yielding 80.2%) in which spectroscopic characterization (NMR and IR) suggest to be 3,4-dihydro-2H-1-thia-4,9,10-triaza-anthracene carboxylic acid methyl ester (CysQX5). A secondary product is also formed in the reaction, and this has not been properly isolated and characterized. Theoretical calculations (M06-2X/6-311+g(3df,2p) and B3LYP 6-31+g(d,p)) were performed in attempt to screen all possibilities associated to the reactivity of CysMe toward DCQX. To the moment, this work is based on the thermodynamics aspects. They were evaluated the Gibbs free energy variation between the reagents and all possible products, including those originated from monossubstituion by sulfur atom (CysQX1) or nitrogen atom (CysQX2), as well as dissubstitution by sulfur atoms (CysQX4), by nitrogen atoms (CysQX4), or simultaneously by sulfur and nitrogen (CysQX6), besides the cyclized product CysQX5. Both neutral and anionic nucleophiles were taken into account in the reactions originated from nucleophilic attack of sulfur atom. Computational results suggest that the more stable product is CysQX5 (Gibbs free energy variation of – 26.78 kcalmol-1), and it could be formed from two distinct intramolecular cyclization paths: i) from the monosubstituted product CysQX1; ii) from disubstituted product CysQX3. At the time, transition states of all processes involving in the reactions of DCQX and CysMe are being evaluate, including the possibility of Smile-type rearrangements.