Problemas de sono, ansiedade, depressão e suporte social em adolescentes de uma instituição federal de ensino

Abstract

Adolescents present a delay in sleeping and waking hours, due to biological and social changes experienced at this stage. In contrast, most schools begin classes in the morning which becomes a temporary challenge for the student, leading to deprivation and poor sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness. Added to this, adolescence is a phase of discoveries, the search for autonomy over decisions, emotions and actions, which can lead to symptoms of anxiety and depression. In this context, satisfaction with social support can contribute to coping with these problems of adolescence, since the support received by friends, relatives, neighbors and social groups can build and strengthen the satisfaction of the individual and positively impact on health. Therefore, considering that adolescents present sleep problems, anxiety and depression symptoms, and that social support is related to health, the objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between the perception of satisfaction with social support, quality and sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, anxiety and depression in adolescents of a federal educational institution. The sample consisted of 385 high school students in technical courses, who completed the Social Support Satisfaction Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Pediatric Drowsiness Scale, the Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Identification of health problems. The mean age of the participants was 16.3 ± 1.0 years, of both sexes (♂ = 43.1%, ♀ = 56.9%) who study in the morning (55.3%) and afternoon shifts (44, 7%). Adolescents evaluated general social support as a mean (47.6 ± 12.1), satisfaction with friends being the most favored (17.30 ± 4.74) and satisfaction with social activities most affected (7, 59 ± 2.98). Poor sleep quality was observed in 71.2% of adolescents, with a mean score of 7.17 ± 2.72. The observed mean daytime sleepiness was 18.31 ± 4.90. With regard to sleep times, the adolescents presented time in the average bed of 6:42 ± 1:18 h, time of getting up and lying down of 6:25 ± 1:28 h and 23:06 ± 1:25 h, respectively. From the hierarchical multiple linear regression, it was possible to observe that low social support is associated with poor sleep quality, higher daytime drowsiness scores and the greater probability of adolescents presenting symptoms of anxiety and depression. Based on these results, it is worth emphasizing the importance of developing integral health strategies for the development of citizenship and the qualification of public policies aimed at the recognition of the adolescent as active and participatory and that can contribute to the improvement of social support, reduce the problems of sleep and mental health in adolescents, aiming at a better quality of life.