Fatores de risco associados à sífilis congênita: revisão de escopo

Abstract

Introduction: This study addresses the issue of congenital syphilis (CS) and its associated risk factors, serving as a scoping review aimed at mapping the existing evidence in the literature. CS, a preventable and curable infection, occurs due to the vertical transmission of Treponema pallidum from the pregnant woman to the fetus, leading to serious health consequences for the baby, such as prematurity, low birth weight, and even death. Methodology: The scoping review followed the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute and utilized the PRISMA-ScR platform. It was conducted across data sources including Scielo.org, Scopus, BVS, and Web of Science, using specific descriptors. The study encompassed a comprehensive search of articles published on CS and its risk factors between August and September 2024, resulting in the screening of 753 articles and the inclusion of 60 studies that met the eligibility criteria. Results: The analyzed studies demonstrated an association of CS with factors such as low educational level, lack of prenatal care or inadequate follow-up during pregnancy, absence of partner treatment, and racial and socioeconomic inequalities. Maternal low educational attainment, for example, was one of the main risk factors, directly influencing the understanding and adherence to prenatal treatment, which is essential to prevent disease transmission. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for public policies that promote access to quality health services, focusing on educational and preventive interventions. It also recommends strengthening prenatal care and encouraging partner treatment, as these elements proved crucial for reducing CS cases. Thus, it concludes that an integrated and multidimensional approach, considering clinical, educational, and socioeconomic aspects, is fundamental to mitigate the impacts of congenital syphilis and improve maternal and child health.