Generosidade em torcedores de futebol: ensaio de uma ferramenta tipológica

Abstract

Football-related violence, or hooliganism, is a global phenomenon that causes disruption to society. Incorporating evolutionary foundations about altruism and group cohesion into knowledge about this phenomenon can help explain its universality. The parochial altruism represents these fundamentals and its investigation can be done through economic games quantifying its underlying motivations. However, such motivations may not be properly represented when altruistic action inherent costs are disregarded. Thus, we hypothesized that football fans differ in the degree of altruistic motivation, and it is moderated by a group cohesion-related cognitive trait, the social identity. To test this, football fans answered identification with team questionnaires, also participated in a dictator's game variation. In this quasi-experiment, we operationalized parochial altruism biological costs through physical effort (generosity) invested in solving the game´s social dilemmas, represented by three independent conditions: prosocial ingroup; prosocial outgroup; and antisocial. We found that identification with team variation moderated antisociality directly, moderated outgroup prosociality inversely, and did not moderate the ingroup prosociality. In addition, we classified the population according to identification with team variation in two fan types: those of slight identification and salient identification. We concluded that football fans helped their own team regardless of how much they are identified with it. However salient identification fans expressed hooliganism more likely than the others, while slight identification fans helped rivals more likely than the others. Finally, we provide a typological instrument that classifies football fans according to their generosity and identification with a team. This instrument is consistent with parochial altruism evolutionary assumptions and it had satisfactory predictive power over hooliganism.