Revisão narrativa: os protetores solares contendo nanotecnologia são seguros?

Abstract

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation as one of the main factors for the development of skin cancer. Topically applied sunscreens emerge as the most prevalent approach in this context. However, conventional sunscreen formulations have limitations that make adherence and application difficult for the population. Nanotechnology plays a crucial role, innovating in the development of formulations and overcoming the restrictions associated with traditional methods. These advances result in significant improvements in terms of UV protection and aesthetic appeal, however, the safety of sunscreens is still neglected, with little scientific research found on the assessment of their toxicity. This review examines various nanosystems incorporated into sunscreen formulations, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, niosomes, gelatin-based nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles, regarding their safety in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the regulatory structure of these products by the main jurisdictions was addressed. Finally, the results showed that sunscreens using nanosystems showed promising advances in protection against UV rays, efficacy and safety in preclinical trials. However, more research with in vivo tests is still needed, as well as effective regulation for the safe application of these technologies in sunscreens.