Estudo epidemiológico da Leishmaniose Visceral Canina e Leishmaniose Visceral Humana no município de Caicó-RN

Abstract

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania, whose transmission occurs through the bite of sand flies. Canids are considered to be the main reservoirs of this disease, which in human form is also known as calazar. According to the Ministry of Health (MS), the average lethality in the last four years was 5.8% and, with a view to reducing it, surveillance / care actions were implemented for patients with VL. However, the measures adopted in surveillance contrast with the reality experienced in many municipalities, such as Caicó / RN, where the number of infected people does not reflect the percentage of dogs diagnosed, suggesting that the positive result in humans is underestimated or that the euthanasia of the dogs. Dogs, perhaps, do not influence the occurrence of infected humans. Thus, this study aimed to determine epidemiological indicators of Animal and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis, and as specific objectives: to analyze the epidemiological data in the city of Caicó / RN in the period 2008-2017; diagnose dogs and humans residing in places with animals previously diagnosed with Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (LCV) in the neighborhood with the highest prevalence of canine infection in the period 2013-2017; and correlate the epidemiological data of infected domestic dogs versus humans living in the household. This is a cross-sectional study with primary and secondary data, with quantitative approach. The results of the epidemiological analysis indicated that between 2013–2017, there was a prevalence of dogs with CVL ranging from 1.23% to 3.79%. In 2017, this prevalence among the districts of the city of Caicó ranged from 0% -16.36%, being the Frei Damião Neighborhood the most prevalent and, therefore, it was selected for the development of the following phases of this research. Initially, blood was collected from dogs domiciled in Bairro Frei Damião in 2018, performing the Canine Survey. The biological material was submitted to the DPP® Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis rapid test (Bio-Manguinhos). Of the 55 samples analyzed, 9 were confirmed by the LVC ELISA test. In 9 households with dogs confirmed for CVL, the OnSite ™ Immunochromatographic Rapid Test (Bio Advance Diagnosis) was used for early diagnosis in humans. Thirty tests were performed, all negative. Thus, it is concluded that new approaches, with larger population, should be performed to attest the effectiveness of early diagnosis. In addition, it was observed that the highest prevalence of CVL in the city of Caicó / RN is in neighborhoods that facilitate the proliferation of sandflies and stray animals and, therefore, it is necessary to implement campaigns that encourage responsible property. health education activities, as well as the regularity of garbage collection, conducting the entomological survey to know the dispersion of the vector in the municipality, as well as the improvement of working conditions in the Zoonoses Surveillance Unit, so that regular campaigns can be conducted, fulfilling the health surveillance role assigned to the local government sphere.