Desenvolvimento de filmes biodegradáveis a partir do amido da semente de jaca (Artocarpus heterophillus Lam.) com a incorporação de resíduo de acerola (Malphigia ermaginata)

Abstract

The environmental impact generated by the continuous use of packaging material, derived exclusively from petroleum derivatives, has driven the development of research with different raw materials to obtain biodegradable polymers. Thus, the objective of the present study was to develop and characterize active biodegradable films from the starch that was extracted from the jackfruit seed (Artocarpus heterophillus Lam.), incorporated with acerola (Malphigia ermaginata) residue powder dehydrated both by drying in an oven by forced air circulation (RAE) and by lyophilization (RAL). Jackfruit seed starch presented in its physicalchemical characterization moisture 8.10 ± 0.25%, lipid 2.60 ± 0.00%, ash 0.12 ± 0.08% and water activity 0.320 ± 0. 01. In the SEM analysis, it showed a smooth surface, without cracks and polyhedral geometry. In the DRX, the starch was classified as type A, fitting into the category of cereal starches. The values of PI 47.9 ± 0.18 (g/100 g) and syneresis 45.9 ± 0.03% confirm the stability of starch gelatinization, while the solubility of 22.0 ± 0.16% favors the maintenance of the structure of the filmogenic matrix. With the objective of formulating an active film, a comparison was made between the drying of the residue powders of freeze-dried acerola (RAL, -40°C/24 hours) and dried in the oven (RAE, 50°C/12 hours). Among the analyzes carried out, the results of oven drying proved superiority in the ABTS antioxidant activity of 7,546.20 ± 0.01 mol Trolox/g and in the retention of CFT equal to 516.90 ± 0.01 mg GAE eq/100g, in addition to the average DPPH value being very close to the value found for lyophilization. Something very useful was that the FC also showed antioxidant activity. However, the results of bioactive compounds from RAL and RAE were much higher than the references reported in the literature, demonstrating the potential of this residue. The FC presented a contact angle of 35.05±2.19°, a more hydrophilic characteristic than the other films that presented values between 56.3° and 67.35°, this increase in the angle being attributed to the presence of acerola residue in its composition. The average maximum stress value for FC was 2.34±0.78 MPa, a little more than twice the values found for the other films. The FAL (0.5% and 1%) and FAE (0.5% and 1%) films showed lower mean PVA values when compared to the mean value found for FC. In particular, the FAL 0.5% film presented a PVA of 1.50 ± 0.03 g.mm/m2.dia.kPa, six times lower when compared to FC, proving to be an excellent barrier to water vapor. In the analyzes of bioactive compounds of the films, the permanence of the bioactive capacity was proved for all. As expected, the films with the highest percentage of acerola residue FAL1% and FAE1%, showed the highest CFT results (320.90± 0.38 mg GAE eq/100g and 200.60± 0.25mg GAE eq/100 g, respectively) and ABTS (58.01±0.42 µmol Trolox/g and 66.28±0.38 µmol Trolox/g). To prove the antioxidant capacity by DPPH, the formulations showed results between 2830 and 3457 µmol TE/g and in the tests with both simulating solutions, the presence of antioxidants that migrated from the films to the solutions was proven, demonstrating the active function of the biodegradable films developed.