O contexto como matéria-prima: projetos de habitações de interesse social para a população impactada por desapropriações na zona norte de Natal-RN

Abstract

This final project (professional masters) consists in the preliminary designs for four socialhousing (single-family) and is made up of a single volume, including a technical report and the architectural designs. The project is an answer to the process of expropriation of properties situated within the 15-meter range necessary for the duplication of Avenue Moema Tinoco, in the community of Gramorezinho, North Zone of Natal. Most of the impacted properties are destined for residential use, and some for small-sized businesses. Many expropriated families reside in self-constructed houses that belong to urban farms (food safety areas as per Complementary Law n. 82/2007) that produce organic greens, with space for reconstruction in the propriety itself. Lacking any government orientation to rebuild their homes through current housing programs or other means, and considering the low compensation and the speed with which they must leave their homes, this project has the goal of developing four preliminary designs for the new single-family homes, emphasizing two approaches: one that uses local materials and building techniques, and one that employs precast reinforced concrete. The theoretical-conceptual framework Social Housing, Technical Assistance (ATHIS, in Portuguese), self-construction and precasting was developed through bibliographical research. Regarding the process design, an iteration cycle was used, consisting in analysis (problem definition), synthesis (solution generation) and evaluation. The analysis included the technical reading of the design requirements, systematized by the Problem Seeking method, and the expansion of the architectural repertoire. Both sought to establish the main strategies and guidelines to respond to the design problems identified. The synthesis, or conception, included the definition of all the concepts, the architectural design, and the formal proposition, with an emphasis on technical, economic and geographical aspects. The evaluation of the generated solutions was conducted continuously so as to provide feedback into the process. The critical investigation of this phase returns to the guidelines and requirements established while systematizing the problems, as well as validates the development of the project. The project process used tactics to encourage creative thought and allow for the comparison and continuous evaluation of the propositions. The studies conclude with the validation of the technical, environmental, economic (essential for the social reach of the constructions) and, especially, the architectural viability of the propositions, considering the reduction of the quantitative and qualitative housing deficit due to the expropriations. Moreover, it amplifies the debate on the application of local materials and techniques, the adaptability of precast elements in reinforced concrete for residential use and the impact of project decisions on the cost of the proposed homes.