Sistemas brasileiros de logística reversa: aderência à implementação, panorama legal e os efeitos ambientais

Abstract

The irrational use of natural resources coupled with urban densification in large centers has aggravated environmental contamination due to increased generation of solid waste (SW). Thus, the atmospheric gas emissions from the incorrect disposal of SW are important sources of methane, fostering the greenhouse effect. Therefore, the extension of the product life cycle and the proper disposal of SR reduce such contamination. In a first chapter, this work aimed to analyze the development of the implementation of policies aimed at the management of Reverse Logistics Systems in the Brazilian territory, as well as to point out the priority RLS considering the weaknesses identified in face of the panorama presented. To this end, a survey of the legal history about the RLSs was carried out. Then, the QGIS software was used to elaborate thematic maps with the distribution of the Voluntary Delivery Points in the Brazilian states. Finally, a discussion was held about the factors involved in the implementation of the legal framework. Despite specific regulations, the post-consumption collect medicines is disarticulated in Brazil, aggravating drug-contamination. In a second chapter, using the FPSEEA matrix, this work aimed to understand the socio-environmental reality of the implementation of reverse logistics for medicines to minimize drugcontamination and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Thus, 18 socio-environmental variables were analyzed by the hierarchical cluster and K-means methods, defining three Brazilian scenarios: more developed; less developed; and in development. This research found that even the pioneering products in the implementation of the RLSs are far from their universalization in Brazil. Additionally, among the greatest deficiencies of the RLSs was the lack of publicity of the data on the SINIR site, contrary to Federal Decree 10.388/2020. Considering these and other factors, this study pointed out the medication RLS as the one which implementation requires more attention due to the weaknesses identified. This research also found that the southern and southeastern Brazilian states are more advanced in terms of the development of the RLSs, especially São Paulo. Thus, the areas farthest from these urban centers are exposed to the social and environmental effects of the substances that make up the products subject to RLSs. Additionally, the response profile in terms of proposition and creation of legal provisions on reverse logistics for pharmaceuticals didn't demonstrate the transference of the notion of legislation related to an environmental practice. However, the form of final disposal of solid waste represented the relevance of the efficient implementation of the reverse logistics of pharmaceuticals laws. In addition, the actions of control, monitoring and environmental education were emphasized to reduce the impacts of pharmaceutical waste and promote sustainability.