PPGECO - Mestrado em Economia

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Transição energética e o nordeste brasileiro: uma abordagem regional/local da inserção da Energia Eólica Onshore, usando o método de Diff-in-diff, no período 1998 a 2024
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2025-09-16) Melo, Ellitamara Alves de Oliveira; Macedo, Luziene Dantas de; Araújo, Juliana Bacelar de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4053362060332959; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7489-9993; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5043599141034024; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1190-1712; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6381238983468805; Mota, Fernando Cezar de Macedo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6007792964190655; Guedes, João Paulo Martins; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9703-2791; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1790445746970638; Pereira, William Eufrasio Nunes; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2870-4742; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4829543404728309
This study aims to analyze the insertion of renewable energy in Brazil’s Northeast, with a particular focus on onshore wind power, and its implications for regional and local development using a multi-period Difference-in-Differences approach. The database comprises panel data for the period from 1998 to 2024, drawing on information from RAIS, IBGE, ANEEL, the Novo Atlas, and IPEA. The econometric model made it possible to identify two distinct phases in the insertion of wind energy in the country, allowing for the evaluation of dynamic effects in a staggered manner over time.The results indicate positive impacts on employment and average income, especially from the period associated with the deepening of the second phase, suggesting greater economic dynamism linked to the expansion of wind energy activity. In addition, Gross Value Added (GVA) followed an upward trajectory throughout the entire period analyzed, reinforcing the relevance of wind energy as a driver of regional productive transformation. Overall, the findings support the initial hypothesis that these impacts differ in intensity and characteristics across the various stages of expansion, highlighting the contribution of this study to the debate on energy transition within the context of regional specificities and territorial impacts.
Raça, gênero e mercado de trabalho no Brasil pós-pandemia: desigualdades estruturais e interseccionais
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2025-08-26) Varela, Thaise da Costa; Araújo, Júlia Rocha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0379683983138440; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2487883053629911; Guedes, João Paulo Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1790445746970638; Souza, Paola Faria Lucas de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0613042400983925
The COVID-19 pandemic deepened historical inequalities in the Brazilian labor market, disproportionately affecting Black women. Data from the Continuous PNAD (2019 and 2022) were used to estimate logistic regression models and apply the Fairlie decomposition method, highlighting that racial and gender inequalities are interdependent and structurally entrenched. Even with similar demographic and educational characteristics, Black women showed a higher likelihood of unemployment and inactivity: in 2022, 48.5% were out of the labor force, compared to 23.1% of White men. The average income of Black women was 52% lower, and the presence of young children increased the risk of unemployment by 16% — an effect opposite to that observed among men, whose risk was reduced. Education proved less protective for Black women than for White women, revealing persistent racial barriers. Although Black men face significant aggravating factors, their unemployment rates were lower than those of Black women. Up to 82% of the difference in unemployment rates between Black women and White men could not be explained by observable variables, suggesting a strong presence of structural discrimination. Moreover, the burden of domestic and care work reinforced the impact of gender on female labor market inactivity.
A aplicação do modelo de Lewis na economia brasileira: uma análise do mercado de trabalho dual a partir de dados da PNAD contínua anual de 2023
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2025-01-29) Mendes, Rodolfo Kelven Rocha; Lourenço, André Luís Cabral de; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-7302; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6259328336633690; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0425837912839849; Trovão, Cassiano José Bezerra Marques; Souza, Leonardo Flauzino de
This study aims to analyze the dynamics of the Brazilian labor market through the theoretical framework of Lewis's dual economy model, focusing on the separation between the traditional and modern sectors. To achieve this, a methodology was developed to create an indicator capable of differentiating these sectors using microdata from the 2023 annual PNAD Contínua survey. The initial results provide a new perspective on the labor market, highlighting the country's economic inequality, which reflects structural characteristics of underdevelopment. These findings underscore the importance of public policies aimed at fostering modernization and productive inclusion.
Dois ensaios sobre especulação: aspectos teóricos e institucionais
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2024-12-20) Sena, Valéria Cristina de Souza Lima Galvão de; Bezerra, Márcia Maria de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6400391921751194; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6456163702304825; Mendonça, Ana Rosa Ribeiro de; Roos, Breno Carvalho
The work consists of two essays on speculation, considering theoretical and institutional aspects on the subject. The first of them deals with Keynes' theories and the changes they undergo over time, aiming to identify some of the perspectives that his writings offer, explaining speculation: i) in organized commodity markets; ii) considering its effects in systemic terms. The reading of the works points to the change in the view of the speculative agent, which contributes to Keynes' analysis of the macroeconomic impacts of speculation in investment markets in the General Theory, potential generators of instability and crises. The second essay addresses the organized markets in the United States and Brazil and aims to resort to the literature to recover some speculative operations that occurred at different times in the American and Brazilian markets. Considering that speculation is part of the process of organization of these markets, the examination of speculative practices can provide indications about aspects of the evolution and degree of sophistication of these institutions over time in both countries.
A desigualdade e a concentração na distribuição de renda e riqueza no Brasil e o imposto de renda das pessoas físicas
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2025-01-30) Costa, José Moreira; Trovão, Cassiano José Bezerra Marques; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1173432616045632; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4326142368958661; Lourenço, André Luís Cabral de; Orair, Rodrigo Octavio; Leite, Fabricio Pitombo
This research seeks, through data from income tax returns, to analyze the inequality in the distribution of income and wealth in Brazil, examine the tax benefits granted in income taxation, relate the current income taxation system to the inequality in its distribution and propose a new arrangement for the tax system that is progressive in terms of income taxation. The analysis of the data led to the conclusion: 1) that there is a significant inequality in the distribution of income and wealth with extreme concentration in the highest strata in Brazil; 2) that this situation is fostered by a regressive income taxation system, which, with enormous tax benefits granted to capital income, favors the increase in inequality and the extreme concentration of income and wealth in the richest strata of society; and; 3) that a reform of the income tax system, which eliminates all tax benefits and makes it progressive, like the system proposed in this work, is a way to reduce this injustice.
Uma análise do sistema tributário brasileiro e a necessidade de reforma
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2023-10-30) Viana, Willian de Queiroz; Pereira, William Eufrasio Nunes; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2870-4742; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4829543404728309; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2366435896801160; Morais, Ana Cristina dos Santos; Silva, Ângelo Magalhães
This dissertation presents a critical analysis of the current Brazilian tax system, highlighting its shortcomings and impact on social inequality. The main objective is to discuss the need for tax reforms to promote greater social justice and present the proposals being discussed in congress and in society at large. The taxation of goods and services has some flaws, such as the incidence of taxes on the same base, which generates inefficiencies in the productive sector and impacts the productivity of companies in the country. Taxation on payroll can also have negative impacts on the economy, such as reducing the supply of formal jobs and incentivizing informality. The work also emphasizes the importance of fiscal education to disseminate information and concepts about fiscal management and to promote social participation in the processes of application and monitoring of public resources. The proposals in Congress, along with the ANFIP's solidarity reform, aim to address the aforementioned problems by offering alternatives to reduce income inequality through changes in tax rates or streamlining the tax system. Finally, the work emphasizes that tax reform must be carefully planned and executed to minimize possible negative impacts, involving relevant stakeholders in the process of formulation and implementation. A successful tax reform must be based on evidence and careful analysis of the potential impact on different sectors of the economy and social groups. The work concludes that income taxation should be more progressive, with higher taxes levied on the wealthier and lower on the poorer. Additionally, it is necessary to eliminate the distortions of the presumed and actual profit regimes and align effective rates with statutory rates provided by law.
Determinantes do impacto ambiental com base no STIRPAT: aplicação do modelo autorregressivo com defasagens distribuídas em painel
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2024-10-03) Custódio, Jeane do Nascimento; Alves, Janaina da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8841368848220253; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4143799443954439; Guedes, João Paulo Martins; Andrade, Daniel Caixeta
The improvements from economic progress have been drastic and undeniable over the past decades. At no other time in human history have there been such significant changes, including poverty reduction, favorable demographic conditions, and improvements in health, education, and well-being indicators. However, over the past eight decades, the prevailing production and consumption system has used renewable and non-renewable natural resources intensively and extensively, reaching unprecedented levels in history. Economic growth has occurred at the expense of the environment, through the unsustainable use of natural resources, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity loss. Thus, alongside social and economic discussions, environmental issues have received significant attention, and the environmental impact of economic growth has raised questions about reconciling current development models with nature preservation. Using the STIRPAT methodology (Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology), this study aims to investigate the environmental impact of population, affluence, and technology variables across selected groups of high, middle, and low-income countries from 1990 to 2021. The primary goal of the research is to analyze the main drivers of environmental impact in countries at different development levels and examine how the structure of productive sectors can affect the environment. To achieve these goals, this research applies the PMG-ARDL econometric methodology, which allows for the analysis of short- and long-term relationships between variables while capturing the heterogeneity of panel units, which may have different temporal dynamics. Given this, the hypothesis underlying this work is that the drivers of environmental impact have distinct effects depending on a country’s development level. For all groups, affluence plays a significant role in determining environmental drivers, primarily as economic growth is based on resource-intensive productive activities. Among the main findings, in high-income countries, economic growth and fossil fuel use are the main contributors to environmental degradation. In middle-income countries, degradation is driven by increased productive activities, population growth, and non-renewable energy use. For low-income countries, population is the main environmental impact driver, with affluence showing little impact. In high- and middle-income countries, renewable energy consumption is found to have a negative relationship with the ecological footprint, as does the service sector in high- and low-income countries. Overall, the models validate STIRPAT’s assumptions: affluence or economic growth is a key environmental impact driver for highand middle-income countries, while population is the primary driver for low-income countries.
Resiliência no mercado de trabalho formal no Nordeste brasileiro: o uso da análise de sobrevivência para estimar a permanência nos postos de trabalho nos anos de 2019 e 2021
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2024-02-29) Torres, Vagner dos Santos; Trovão, Cassiano José Bezerra Marques; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1173432616045632; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5048-7150; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5541918964266769; Alves, Janaina da Silva; Loural, Marcelo Sartorio
The research aims to analyze the job tenure in the Brazilian Northeast in the years 2019 and 2021. It is hypothesized that the effects of the pandemic may have negatively impacted job tenure, especially worsening the situation of more vulnerable workers (northeasterners, women, elderly, young people, and those with lower qualifications). To this end, the survival analysis method is used based on the Kaplan-Meier estimators and the Cox regression model, applied to data collected from the RAIS (Annual Social Information Report) for the years 2019 and 2021. The results indicate a severe reduction in job tenure for northeastern workers in 2021. Female, non-black, over 50 years old, with higher education, income above three minimum wages, workers in the industry, and residents of the state of Sergipe had the highest probability of job survival during the period. However, the data show a low relative participation of women in the formal labor market of the region. Additionally, black workers, even though they are the majority in the market, are more likely to lose their jobs compared to non-black workers. Furthermore, the rate of workers with a high level of education is still low in the Northeast. Finally, the results point to the importance of developing and implementing public policies to promote job retention, especially those aimed at gender and racial equality in the region.
Diferencial compensatório ou segmentação? Uma análise do mercado de trabalho brasileiro baseada no modelo de mudança endógena com cópulas
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2024-08-14) Monteiro, Raphael Lopes; Trovão, Cassiano José Bezerra Marques; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1173432616045632; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8701730129852515; André, Diego de Maria; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3142-8336; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6480130040427049; Maia, Alexandre Gori
This study investigates income disparities between formal and informal individuals using a recent methodology that provides robust results to assess whether there is evidence of labor market segmentation in Brazil or if there are compensating advantages that justify individuals preference for informal employment. Utilizing data from the Continuous PNAD (National Continuous Household Survey) of 2023 and an endogenous switching regression model with copulas, the study separately controls for selection bias among formal and informal workers and explores the Average Treatment Effect (ATE). Additionally, the estimates for 2023 were replicated for the years 2018 to 2022 to check for patterns over time. This enables an analysis of potential monetary and non-monetary compensating differences between formal and informal individuals in the country during this period. For formal and informal workers in the public sector, private sector, and domestic services, the selection bias analysis provides evidence favorable to the existence of a negative compensating differential in formal work, indicating that this group tends to accept a reduction in net income in exchange for labor benefits. Furthermore, after controlling for observed and unobserved characteristics, the ATE reveals that informal individuals still earn, on average, 6.56% less. This suggests that, beyond the absence of labor rights, informal workers in the public, private, and domestic sectors tend to face monetary penalties, indicating the existence of market segmentation for this subset of workers. In contrast, for the self-employed individuals and employers, selection bias is the main factor explaining the income disparity, indicating that individual characteristics account for a significant portion of the income difference. When controlling for both observable and unobservable characteristics, the Average Treatment Effect (ATE) reveals that informal self-employed individuals or employers earn, on average, 1.85% more than formal individuals. However, this result should be interpreted with caution, since the confidence interval is not statistically significant, suggesting that the impact of informality in this group is more uncertain or nonexistent. Additionally, the analysis of data from previous years (2018-2022) reveals that the income of informal self-employed individuals and employers tends to be more sensitive during years of low economic dynamism, suggesting greater instability for this group. In summary, the study demonstrates that informality in Brazil is associated with a penalty in labor income for those employed in the public sector, private sector, and domestic services, while for employers and self-employed individuals, a slight advantage can be observed for informal individuals, although they appear more vulnerable to economic fluctuations. Overall, the separate analysis of selection bias and the average treatment effect contributes to a deeper understanding of income disparities and informs the formulation of public policies aimed at reducing informality and income inequalities in the labor market.
Inovações financeiras na era digital e suas implicações para a estabilidade financeira à luz da teoria Minskyana
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2024-02-29) Costa, Jefferson de Souza; Trovão, Cassiano José Bezerra Marques; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1173432616045632; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5645091207767027; Lourenço, Andre Luís Cabral de; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-7302; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6259328336633690; Souza, Leonardo Flauzino de
Capitalist economies go through economic cycles, alternating between moments of prosperity, recessions and depressions. However, these processes have intensified to the extent that financials systems have become more deregulated, which has contributed to the expansion of debts, especially in the banking system. In parallel with these waves of deregulation, especially after 1960, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) developed, a central element in the process of digitizing the economy. In this context, financial technologies emerge, structured in decentralized financials systems, as well as so-called digital currencies, which materialize the expansion of financial asset and credit markets in the digital sphere, crypto-assets and the alternative credit ecosystem (Fintechs and Techfins), respectively. In this sense, it is argued that 1) it is essential to investigate whether financial technologies promote stable monetary expansion and 2) that the postKeynesian Minskyan theoretical framework can be used as a tool for analyzing and proposing economic policy to mitigate the effects of the instability of these markets and their repercussions on the real economy. The hypothesis presented here is that the decentralization, high volatility and low liquidity characteristics of financial markets in the digital age lead economic agents to take even riskier positions as a result of monetary expansion that is not protected by the monetary authorities.
Determinantes da desigualdade de renda no Brasil: um estudo econométrico de dados em painel para os estados do país, no período 2012-2020
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2022-11-22) Silva, Valdenya Pereira da; Alves, Janaina da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8841368848220253; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1115848996130770; Trovão, Cassiano José Bezerra Marques; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1173432616045632; Callou, Cristiane Soares de Mesquita
Income inequality manifests itself as one of the main problems faced by a nation. This derives from the fact that it is a very big obstacle to the sustainable economic growth of a country, since it prevents access to goods and services in an equitable way, and can harm a considerable portion of the inhabitants of a nation, by limiting an improvement in the population's quality of life. In the Brazilian case, income inequality is a phenomenon that deserves to be highlighted and that is also manifested from a regional perspective. Data from IBGE (2019) indicate that the Northeast is the Brazilian region where income inequality is most evident. Among the five regions of the country, the Northeast presented the highest values for the Gini Index and the Palma Index, which are two important indicators that measure current income inequality. Therefore, in view of the above, it is the main objective of this dissertation, motivated by the relevance of the topic under study, to find out what are the determinants of income inequality in the states of Brazil, between the years 2012 and 2020. To achieve the proposed results, this research uses the econometric analysis of panel data, believing that it can better capture the existing heterogeneities between the states of the country. The data were taken from the Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNAD continuous), from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), from the Social Indicators System (SIS) and from the National Accounts System (SCN), both also from IBGE, the National Council for Finance Policy (CONFAZ) and the Annual Accounts of the National Treasury Department (STN), found in the Brazilian Public Sector Accounting and Tax Information System (SICONFI). As most of the data was extracted from the Continuous PNAD, the initial year to be analyzed is 2012 because it was from this year that this research was implemented and the last year chosen is 2020 because it is the most recent with available data (for all variables). The results show that the variables that capture the effects of taxation, social income transfer programs and education are the ones that most significantly impact income inequality in Brazil. Thus, from the results found, it is clear that investment in public policies aimed at education and the expansion of social programs, in addition to a reform in the Brazilian tax system, can be configured as a way out for the redistribution of opportunities and an increase in the level of average income of the population in order to mitigate this serious problem that plagues the Brazilian economy.
Determinantes da manutenção do emprego em tempos de Indústria 4.0: o caso da agropecuária no Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2022-11-25) Fernandes, Tito Lívio Xavier; Trovão, Cassiano José Bezerra Marques; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1173432616045632; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4386296691607887; Alves, Janaina da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8841368848220253; Fornazier, Armando
The insertion of information and communication technologies can cause imbalances between labor supply and demand. Recent studies show that in Brazil, one of the sectors most impacted by automation processes will be the agricultural sector. In this sense, the aim of this study was to investigate the determinants of job retention for agricultural workers in the Industry 4.0 era. For this purpose, a logistic regression model was used to estimate the probability of a given worker being employed, given a set of explanatory variables. This study innovated by incorporating the probabilities of automation associated with occupations estimated by Frey and Osborne (2013), converted to the Brazilian labor market by Lima and Almeida (2019) as an explanatory variable for the employability of agricultural workers. The database used in this research was the RAIS year 2019. The main results indicate that education, employment tenure, and income positively impact the probability of an individual being employed in all five Brazilian regions. Meanwhile, individuals associated with occupations that have a high probability of automation have an expected probability of being employed lower than those associated with low probability. Therefore, the results reinforce the need for investment in professional qualification to provide workers with skills aligned with the needs of contemporary agriculture.
Pandemia e Auxílio Emergencial em 2020: os efeitos nas disparidades intrarregionais de renda no Nordeste a partir da decomposição do índice de GINI
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2022-06-29) Silva, Joana Priscila Barbosa da; Araújo, Juliana Bacelar de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4053362060332959; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-6935; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3895880397859143; Trovão, Cassiano José Bezerra Marques; Leite, Fabricio Pitombo; Queiroz, Silvana Nunes de
The issue of income disparities present in the Northeast is not something new. The Northeast is a heterogeneous region, formed by nine states: Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe (CARVALHO, 2001). This heterogeneity originates in the processes of human and economic occupation, and it is possible to highlight, according to Araújo (1997), several divergent socioeconomic subsets within the region. In 2020, a pandemic, known as the New Coronavirus pandemic, shook the world and the country, with reflexes, also, in the Northeast. Besides showing such heterogeneities, the pandemic resulted in an economic and social crisis, imposing the need for a set of measures, among them: those of social isolation to prevent the proliferation of the virus and those associated with the protection of employment and income. According to Trovão and Araújo (2020), the coronavirus crisis has shaken all segments of the labor market, both formal and informal work. The present dissertation aims to analyze the impact in 2020 of the pandemic and the importance of emergency aid for inequality of per capita household income (DPRK), measured by the Gini Index, for all states in the Northeast region. To carry out this study we estimate the Gini Index, as well as its decomposition from the various sources of income, based on the methodology presented by Hoffman (2009). To achieve this goal, we used as a data source, the monthly microdata from the National Household Sample Survey - PNAD COVID19, for the months of May 2020 to November 2020, and the annual microdata from the National Continuous Household Sample Survey - PNADC, for the years 2019 and 2020, from IBGE. Although these bases are not comparable to each other, the choice to use the two is justified as a way to analyze two aspects of the new reality imposed by the presence of the Covid-19 pandemic. With the PNAD COVID-19 we seek to understand what happened to income disparities in the region over the first year of the pandemic, while the PNADC will show us a comparison between before and during the pandemic. To carry out this study, a regional division was proposed from three clippings, based on the similarities of productive structure, population concentration and degree of poverty and/or wealth of the states. The states of the region were divided into the following groups: I) Bahia, Pernambuco and Ceará; II) Maranhão and Piauí and; III) Sergipe, Alagoas, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte. It is also intended to observe what role the Emergency Aid implemented in 2020 played in mitigating these disparities. We recognize the existence of more than one program for income maintenance in the pandemic period of 2020, but the choice made for this work was to focus on the analysis of the Emergency Aid because of its amplitude. This aid was implemented to contemplate informal workers, individual microentrepreneurs (MEI) and the most vulnerable population who are beneficiaries of cash transfer programs such as Bolsa Família (PBF). From the results obtained by means of the PNAD COVID19 microdata, the presence of the emergency aid in 2020 points to an initial trend towards a reduction in income inequalities in all the Northeastern states, but with a reversal at the subsequent moment (second trend). The first trend is related to the implementation of the program and the payment of the first five installments in the amounts of R$ 1,200/ R$ 600; the second occurs, in a generalized way, after the reduction of these amounts to R$ 600/ R$ 300, starting in September. With the results obtained by PNADC, a reality is observed for the Northeast and its states in two distinct moments: the pre-pandemic year of 2019 and, later, the pandemic year of 2020. These data reveal a drop in the Gini Index throughout the Northeast region between 2019 and 2020, also highlighting the importance of the Emergency Aid in this process. In addition, they demonstrate the growth of progressivity for the Gini of incomes associated with Social Protection in the Northeast and most states in 2020.
Três ensaios em crescimento econômico regional
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2022-07-29) Silva, Caio Cezar Fernandes da; Pereira, William Eufrásio Nunes; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2870-4742; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4829543404728309; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2358-733X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5502215768430961; Silva, Igor Ezio Maciel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9194797771265172; Santos, Ricardo Bruno Nascimento dos
The present work is a set of three independent essays on regional economics. The first essay aims to provide a theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of growth and regional inequality from the cumulative causation approach. A growth model led by aggregate demand is presented with the operation of dynamic increasing returns, at first the kaldorian mechanism is presented in which economic growth is led by exports and from them a process of selfreinforcement is triggered, inducing endogenous increases in labor productivity, which, in turn, reduction in the level of prices that reinforce the region's commercial advantages. An alternative to understand cumulative causation is presented when we admit the existence of autonomous domestic expenditures also capable of triggering self-reinforcing processes through endogenous productivity growth, affecting the commercial advantages of the region. This alternative substantially changes the understanding of the phenomenon of regional economic growth and the possibility of other avenues for effective growth policies. Finally, we discuss the importance of differentials in the ability to induce technical progress through regions as a limiting factor in the expansionist functioning of cumulative causation historically. The second essay aims to verify the differences in the capacity of the Brazilian states' economies to generate employment against their aggregate product growth performance. The period analyzed are the year’s corresponding to the ascending part of the economic cycle between 2002-2014, the subsequent period of crisis and near stagnation between 2014 and 2019 is also analyzed. Employment elasticities of economic growth were estimated from regressions using panel data, the employment data used are from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) and for the product level, data compiled by the Applied Economic Research Institute (IPEA) were used. The results show that the states of the North Region of the country, with few exceptions, tend to have greater capacity to incorporate employment into their economies, while economies in other regions grew in a regime that prioritized the advancement of labor productivity. During the period of crisis these relationships changed significantly without a dominant pattern between regions. It was shown that despite having greater capacity to generate employment from growth, this dynamic observed between 2002 and 2014, interrupted by the crisis, was not able to create trends towards reducing unemployment in the North and Northeast states, as observed in the states of the other regions. of the country, indicating that even if they can recover the level of output, they obtained in 2014, it will not be enough to start reducing the level of unemployment. The third essay analyzes the economic growth of Brazilian states between 2002 and 2019, demonstrating that even during the ascending part of the economic cycle there were important differences between the growth trajectories of the states. A growth model is presented that shows the fundamentals of divergence between regions from an aggregate demand approach. Finally, we present evidence from Moran's differential statistics in which spatial growth patterns are transformed according to the economic cycle.
Análise da relação entre a violência no entorno residencial sobre o desempenho acadêmico: o caso dos estudantes do IFRN (Campus Natal Central e Zona Norte)
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2022-06-29) Torres, Catarina de Oliveira; Araújo, Júlia Rocha; Araújo, Júlia Rocha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0379683983138440; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0379683983138440; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8101352311941058; André, Diego de Maria; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3142-8336; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6480130040427049; Santos, Joebson Maurilio Alves dos; Sampaio, Luciano Menezes Bezerra
Studies that analyze the impact of violence on school performance tend to analyze its impacts within or around their schools, not making any mention of the violence experienced by students within their neighborhood. This paper innovates by trying to fill this gap. The objective os the presente paper is to analyze the relationship between school performance and the violence observed in the residential surroundings of the students from the IFRN Campus Natal Central and Zona Norte. To achieve this objective, two panel georeferenced databases will be used, which will allow tracing the profile of IFRN students and mapping violence in the city of Natal/RN. Finally, fixed effect and probit models will be used. The first will have the student performance (IRA) as a variable response and the second will have the student's approval dummy.
Impacto da regulação sobre a expansão da banda larga fixa no Brasil: uma análise de diferença em diferenças de 2007 a 2021
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2022-07-26) Andrade, Rosciano Sousa de; Sampaio, Luciano Menezes Bezerra; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1632-3149; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3807603064705018; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9437963710832046; Araújo Júnior, Ignácio Tavares de; Araújo, Julia Rocha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0379683983138440
The fixed broadband retail service, provided under the private regime but in the collective interest, has undergone significant changes in recent years, including a greater penetration in Brazilian municipalities, associated with the increase in the number of accesses and speeds contracted by consumers. Considering this telecommunications service, an econometric difference-in-differences (DD) model is sought to assess the impact of Anatel's regulatory policy in the wholesale high-speed data transmission market on the broadband retail service fixed. This regulation occurred mainly via prices in part of the Brazilian municipalities categorized as to competitiveness in the sector by Anatel itself. The first variable analyzed was the number of accesses per 100 inhabitants, on a municipal scale. The results indicated statistically insignificant average effects on the expansion of broadband service from 2019 to 2021. The second variable analyzed was the number of companies with fiber optic access, and with this variable statistically significant and negative results were obtained for the municipalities potentially that received the policy and statistically significant and positive results for the group of municipalities that received the policy in the category of low-competitive municipalities.
Economia brasileira e modelos de inserção internacional
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2022-07-25) Oliveira, Rodrigo Lima de; Gouveia, Esther Majerowicz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7710354723027448; Trovão, Cassiano José Bezerra Marques; Pecequilo, Cristina Soreanu
One of the tools available to policymakers in the practice of the economic objectives is foreign policy, materialized in the country’s international insertion model (in a broad sense). Although it is not per se a component of GDP, foreign policy can be used to make economic growth dynamics possible, through the prompting of the elements that make up the National Product. This can be done directly via, for instance, foreign trade stricto sensu; or, in a subsidiary way, by means of the loosening of external restrictions on GDP. In addition to these easily traceable gains, foreign policy also has the ability of bequeath intangible returns to the country, which, albeit having barely obvious economic definitions, by all means impact the country’s position vis-à-vis its peers in the International Community. This work aims to analyze the interrelationships between the economy and the paradigms of international insertion. Specifically, it seeks to clarify the role of the foreign policy among the causes of Brazilian economic growth at the moments when Brazil increased faster than the developed countries; and to explore, in the foreign policy model of each of these moments, what was overwhelmingly pursued: the search for international credibility, or the search for autonomy regarding dominant powers. For this purpose, this dissertation identified, since 1850, in which periods the growth rate of the Brazilian per capita GDP overcame, for at least five years, the average of the rates of the fifteen main developed countries. Having uncovered these periods, the next step was to examine the causes of economic growth at each historical moment, and the influence of foreign policy on the Product expansion. Lastly, this work qualified the model of international insertion used by governments in terms of their traits of "autonomy" or "credibility". The conclusion reached was that the international actions put in place in each period contributed to the materialization of economic results, whether in protecting the national economy in conjunctures in which the income of the developed countries shrank more than that of Brazil, or in fostering the components of GDP, when Brazil grew up faster than the developed countries. Furthermore, it was found that the foreign policy paradigm mainly applied in moments of Brazilian prosperity was the search for autonomy one, which – taking into account this impact of this paradigm on the causes of economic growth – pointed to the possibility of this model being endowed with greater efficiency, including in economic sense.
O financiamento público do direito humano à saúde no Brasil (2001-2019)
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2022-07-08) França, Artur Rodrigues Santos de; Morais, Ana Cristina dos Santos; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9474-2894; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0414780885182679; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7078120553615305; Trindade, José Raimundo; Pereira, William Eufrasio Nunes; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2870-4742; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4829543404728309
Health has international and national recognition as a human right, but there is an understanding of the difficulty in guaranteeing this right, especially when related to its financing. With this, the question is: is the health financing system in Brazil adequate to the financing rules established from the human rights perspective? From this perspective, the objective of this work is to analyze the public financing of health in Brazil from the perspective of human rights. For the proposed objective, the international pacts that Brazil is a signatory and the CF88, as well as researchers who study the theme, were triggered. The database was removed from SIGA BRASIL (Budget) and Banco Central do Brasil (PIB) on period 2001-2019. The methodology of the present work is bibliographical, descriptive and explanatory in nature, qualitative-quantitative method. A hypothesis used in the work is that the health health system is not adequate to international human rights pacts and the adjustments on the financing determined in the financing system. In conclusion, the hypothesis was verified and the Brazilian public health financing system has high impacts on the country's health budget.
A transformação da configuração espacial do Rio de Janeiro desde sua fundação até sua fase industrial: implicações socioeconômicas
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2021-10-29) Azevedo, Luiz Vinícius de; Pereira, William Eufrásio Nunes; Araújo, Denilson da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5982551597921280; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2870-4742; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4829543404728309; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3601339160606482; Morais, Ana Cristina dos Santos; Silva, Ângelo Magalhães; Silva, Marconi Gomes da
Thinking about the issues surrounding the geographic space, its flows and configurations imply an effort to understand the dynamics present in the social structure, covering issues of different specifications. This dissertation aims to characterize the process of spatial transformation in Rio de Janeiro, especially in its capital, from its formation process to its industrial period. In the analysis of this object, a survey is carried out on the concept of space present in debates on economic theory, broadening the analytical lens to approach the totality of social relations, imbricated by controversies, disputes and social groups of various, which overlap. to space all its complexity. In this sense, the study is based on the methodological view of Milton Santos (2020), where space acquires a structural and systemic character, as it encompasses geographic objects (natural and artificial) distributed over the territory, forming a spatial configuration. It starts with the concepts and services between processes, function and form. It is observed that the formation of the urban space in Rio de Janeiro was inserted within the mercantile logic, in which issues related to transport logistics and trade routes, especially maritime, interfered with the location and not the pattern of occupation of the territory, but conditioned by characteristic processes of the phase. of capital accumulation, in which the formation of capitalism in economies demanded, where the process of circulation had greater importance, showing social - of class and race -, political, defense and ideological-cultural so that the spatial dynamic is consolidated, materializing a agrarian-mercantile city. When the pattern of capital accumulation changes, a new pattern of spatial configuration is consolidated, in which social relations of subordination, built in the colonial period, were established and guaranteed the conditions for the reproduction of industrial capital, allowing factories to assume a role active in coordinating the spatiality of Rio de Janeiro. Furthermore, state actions characterize the entire period analyzed, either as the main agent of spatial reorganization, or in the sense of supporting capital, by regulating the relationship between capital and labor, urban infrastructure improvements and the distribution of income in the economy. These elements highlighted the controversies of social relations, which outlined the scope of the labor market, housing conditions and the conditions of sociability of social groups, in order to express themselves spatially, either through quilombos or through favelas. In short, it is concluded that the relationships between the spatial elements consolidated an urban pattern that stigmatized, marginalized and subordinated social groups, producing existing problems around the favelas.
Eficiência do setor agropecuário nordestino e seus determinantes: uma análise para 2006 e 2017
(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2021-12-14) Oliveira, Renata Benício de; Alves, Janaina da Silva; Sousa, Eliane Pinheiro de; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4088-0754; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8841368848220253; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3553070487421917; Khan, Ahmad Saeed; Cruz, Alice Aloisia da
The agricultural sector in Brazil has heterogeneity as one of its main characteristics. This aspect is reflected in economic, social and geographic issues, among others, and, consequently, influences the relationship between producers and the market. In other words, each agent is in specific conditions that are capable of determining whether or not it is possible to remain in the sector. In this sense, considering that the goods are homogeneous, factors such as the degree of competitiveness, quality, productivity and efficiency are of great importance and, therefore, should receive due attention, especially in regions such as the Northeast of Brazil, which houses a large quantity considerable number of farmers in relation to the national total. Given the impossibility of dealing with all these issues, this research has its focus directed to the analysis of efficiency. Thus, it aims to measure the efficiency of the agricultural sector in northeastern municipalities and its determinants, based on data from the years 2006 and 2017, taken from the Agricultural Census of the respective years. Specifically, it aims to analyze the development of the northeastern agricultural sector, study the concepts of efficiency discussed in the literature and their ways of measuring it, calculate the technical efficiency and scale scores of the agricultural sector in the municipalities of the Northeast region and investigate the determining factors of these efficiency scores. To measure the efficiency of the agricultural sector, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model was used, along with the Malmquist Index, and, to investigate its determining factors, the quantile regression model was used for a sample of 1,263 northeastern municipalities. The results showed that, in both years, almost all of these were extremely inefficient, indicating, therefore, that producers are having limitations in their production process, and a consequent waste of resources. Furthermore, the Malmquist Index revealed that the biggest obstacle to increasing efficiency is technological backwardness. Regarding the determinants of the measured efficiency scores, it was found that the analyzed variables influenced the quantiles (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75) differently, and the percentage of establishments with access to financing and receiving technical guidance obtained a negative sign with the efficiency scores of the northeastern agricultural sector. Furthermore, the dummy referring to the location of the municipality in a semi-arid region and the relative participation of those whose director has a regular high school education registered the effects with greater magnitude in all quantiles. Thus, it was concluded that it is necessary for the government to strengthen its instruments that promote agricultural development in the Northeast and expand their reach, in order to reach a greater number of producers. Furthermore, greater investment in education is suggested in order to improve agricultural efficiency in the Northeast region.

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