Análise das variações nas coberturas vacinais da primeira infância no Brasil e no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, no período de 2013 a 2023

Abstract

Introduction: The National Immunization Program (PNI) has been essential in reducing vaccine-preventable diseases in Brazil. However, there has been a decline in vaccination coverage rates in the last decade, driven by political instability, the COVID-19 pandemic and the growing anti-vaccine movement, especially in the Northeast Region. This study analyzed variations in vaccination coverage in early childhood children in Brazil and particularly in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, from 2013 to 2023, and the causes related to these events. Objective: To analyze variations in vaccination coverage in early childhood children in Brazil and Rio Grande do Norte, from 2013 to 2023. Method: This is a quantitative cross-sectional study that analyzed data made available in Unified Health System (SUS) and National Program on Immunization (PNI) data systems on vaccination coverage of the main immunization agents recommended for early childhood, covering the Regions of Brazil and the Regional Health Units of state of Rio Grande do Norte, from 2013 to 2023. Results: Vaccination adherence in Brazil suffered a significant reduction between 2016 and 2023, impacted by factors such as the anti-vaccine movement, changes in public health policies and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The North Region and states such as Rio Grande do Norte showed worrying variations, especially in the most remote areas. The drop in vaccination coverage is correlated with health and political events that had a major impact on the management guidelines for vaccination programs, placing many regions at greater epidemiological risk. Conclusion: Vaccination is one of the most important public health tools, having demonstrated over the years its ability to prevent diseases. However, recent low vaccination adherence has caused the re-emergence of already controlled diseases. This scenario requires urgent actions, with effective public policies, in addition to recovering confidence in vaccines, which is irrefutable to protect future generations and guarantee public health.