Distribuição espaço-temporal da prevalência de Insegurança Alimentar associada às condições de vulnerabilidade social no Brasil

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the temporal and spatial distribution of food insecurity and its correlation with indicators of social vulnerability, socioeconomic conditions and infant mortality in Brazil. Ecological study, with data from two national surveys, the Brazilian National Household Survey (2004, 2009 and 2013) from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, and Altas Brasil from the Institute of Applied Economic Research (2010). A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed in the software Statistical Package for the Social Science Statistics (SPSS) to calculate the prevalence of food insecurity considering sample weights and design effect. For the temporal analysis of the spatial distribution of food insecurity prevalence in 2004, 2009 and 2013, a division into quartiles of the 2004 data was performed, since it was considered the first year of the analysis and the one with the highest prevalence rates, thus these values were used as cut-off points for the distribution of prevalence rates in the three years. In the bivariate spatial analysis, to analyze the spatial distribution pattern and the intensity of the clusters (cluster, random or dispersed), Moran’s Index was used, considering p <0.05 as the statistical significance. The occurrence of clusters and their statistical significance were demonstrated by MoranMap and LisaMap. The prevalence of food insecurity decreased in the years analyzed and showed a negative and moderate spatial correlation with HDI (-0.643; p<0.05); positive and moderate with % of extremely poor (0.684; p<0.05), infant mortality (0.572; p<0.05), social vulnerability index (0.654; p<0.05), social vulnerability index - human capital (0.636; p<0.05); positive and strong with social vulnerability index – income and labor (0.716; p<0.05) and positive and weak with social vulnerability index – infrastructure (0.273; p<0.05). It is concluded that the Brazilian there was a decrease in the prevalence of FI from 2004 to 2013 and Brazilian territory presented two distinct patterns, one with territories with higher prevalence of FI and worse conditions of income, work and child health in the North and Northeast regions, and another one with a lower prevalence of FI and lower vulnerability according to the indicators analyzed in federative units of the Central-West, Southeast and South regions.