A importância da energia nuclear no processo de transição energética: considerações à luz do princípio da precaução

Abstract

The climate changes and energy crisis draws attention to the urgency of strategic investment in safe, clean and sustainable energy sources, which guarantee a nation's electrical supply, with reliability and low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this scenario, nuclear energy once again attracts attention, offering a high concentration of atomic energy with zero GHG emissions in the operating phase of a Thermonuclear Power Plant, in addition to presenting continuous and highly efficient production: a set of characteristics not found in any other source – whether fossil or renewable. On the other hand, the risks of radioactive accidents and the handling of toxic waste so feared by society, along with the high investment costs required in UTNs, are problems that cause social resistance to this option. Therefore, this work provides a general overview of nuclear energy on a national and international level, with the aim of publicizing the current state of thermonuclear energy in Brazil and the world in view of the urgent need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and ensure safety energy. To this end, the following were discussed: the current situation of this source in the international community, its advantages and disadvantages; its treatment by the Brazilian legal system; legal and social conflicts regarding the possibility of building new nuclear reactors in Brazilian territory; society's fear of nuclear risks; and the need for a judicious application of the Precautionary Principle. The research concludes that regardless of political or ideological issues, nuclear energy remains an important strategic option for producing clean, firm, reliable and stable energy, without dependence on environmental conditions, offering energy security, especially in the current climate and energy crisis scenario. Therefore, discussion of this topic will be inevitable during the energy transition process, both in Brazil and around the world.