Perfil de uso de antimicrobianos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal: análise em uma maternidade de referência no interior do Rio Grande do Norte

Abstract

Introduction: The rational use of antimicrobials in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) is essential to prevent bacterial resistance and promote better clinical outcomes in critically ill neonates. Neonatal infections, such as sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis, are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in this population. Objectives: This study primarily aimed to analyze the profile of antimicrobial use in neonates admitted to the NICU at the Ana Bezerra University Hospital (HUAB), as well as to evaluate the frequency, appropriateness, and prescribing patterns. Methodology: A cross-sectional, observational, and descriptive study was conducted, with retrospective data collection from neonates hospitalized between January and June 2023. Information was extracted from medical records and analyzed statistically. The final sample included 43 neonates who received antimicrobials during their hospital stay. Results: Respiratory distress syndrome of prematurity (RDS) was the main reason for hospitalization, accounting for 74.42% of cases. Ampicillin and gentamicin were the most prescribed antimicrobials, with frequencies of 76.75% and 79.07%, respectively. The average treatment duration with ampicillin was 6.15 days (SD: 2.43), while gentamicin had an average duration of 6.06 days (SD: 2.32). Broad-spectrum antimicrobials, such as oxacillin, were used less frequently but in more severe cases, with longer average treatment durations. Discussion: The findings reinforce the consistent application of clinical protocols in managing neonatal infections, emphasizing the initial choice of ampicillin and gentamicin as first-line therapy. Conclusion: The study highlighted the importance of rational antimicrobial use and the need for continuous monitoring of therapeutic practices in the NICU at HUAB, particularly regarding the duration of antimicrobial use.