A transformação da configuração espacial do Rio de Janeiro desde sua fundação até sua fase industrial: implicações socioeconômicas

Abstract

Thinking about the issues surrounding the geographic space, its flows and configurations imply an effort to understand the dynamics present in the social structure, covering issues of different specifications. This dissertation aims to characterize the process of spatial transformation in Rio de Janeiro, especially in its capital, from its formation process to its industrial period. In the analysis of this object, a survey is carried out on the concept of space present in debates on economic theory, broadening the analytical lens to approach the totality of social relations, imbricated by controversies, disputes and social groups of various, which overlap. to space all its complexity. In this sense, the study is based on the methodological view of Milton Santos (2020), where space acquires a structural and systemic character, as it encompasses geographic objects (natural and artificial) distributed over the territory, forming a spatial configuration. It starts with the concepts and services between processes, function and form. It is observed that the formation of the urban space in Rio de Janeiro was inserted within the mercantile logic, in which issues related to transport logistics and trade routes, especially maritime, interfered with the location and not the pattern of occupation of the territory, but conditioned by characteristic processes of the phase. of capital accumulation, in which the formation of capitalism in economies demanded, where the process of circulation had greater importance, showing social - of class and race -, political, defense and ideological-cultural so that the spatial dynamic is consolidated, materializing a agrarian-mercantile city. When the pattern of capital accumulation changes, a new pattern of spatial configuration is consolidated, in which social relations of subordination, built in the colonial period, were established and guaranteed the conditions for the reproduction of industrial capital, allowing factories to assume a role active in coordinating the spatiality of Rio de Janeiro. Furthermore, state actions characterize the entire period analyzed, either as the main agent of spatial reorganization, or in the sense of supporting capital, by regulating the relationship between capital and labor, urban infrastructure improvements and the distribution of income in the economy. These elements highlighted the controversies of social relations, which outlined the scope of the labor market, housing conditions and the conditions of sociability of social groups, in order to express themselves spatially, either through quilombos or through favelas. In short, it is concluded that the relationships between the spatial elements consolidated an urban pattern that stigmatized, marginalized and subordinated social groups, producing existing problems around the favelas.